ICS T8403
下面以塑壳断路器为例简单介绍断路器的结构、工作原理、使用与选用方法。断路器主要由3个基本部分组成,即触头、灭弧系统和各种脱扣器,包括过电流脱扣器、失压(欠电压)脱扣器、热脱扣器、分励脱扣器和自由脱扣器。图1是断路器工作原理示意图及图形符号。断路器开关是靠操作机构手动或电动合闸的,触头闭合后,自由脱扣机构将触头锁在合闸位置上。当电路发生上述故障时,通过各自的脱扣器使自由脱扣机构动作,自动跳闸以实现保护作用。分励脱扣器则作为远距离控制分断电路之用。过电流脱扣器用于线路的短路和过电流保护,当线路的电流大于整定的电流值时,过电流脱扣器所产生的电磁力使挂钩脱扣,动触点在弹簧的拉力下迅速断开,实现短路器的跳闸功能。无标题图1断路器工作原理示意图及图形符号热脱扣器用于线路的过负荷保护,工作原理和热继电器相同。失压(欠电压)脱扣器用于失压保护,如图1所示,失压脱扣器的线圈直接接在电源上,处于吸合状态,断路器可以正常合闸;当停电或电压很低时,失压脱扣器的吸力小于弹簧的反力,弹簧使动铁心向上使挂钩脱扣,实现短路器的跳闸功能。分励脱扣器用于远方跳闸,当在远方按下按钮时,分励脱扣器得电产生电磁力,使其脱扣跳闸。不同断路器的保护是不同的,使用时应根据需要选用。在图形符号中也可以标注其保护方式,如图1所示,断路器图形符号中标注了失压、过负荷、过电流3种保护方式。
低压断路器的选择原则低压断路器的选择应从以下几方面考虑:(1)断路器类型的选择:应根据使用场合和保护要求来选择。如一般选用塑壳式;短路电流很大时选用限流型;额定电流比较大或有选择性保护要求时选用框架式;控制和保护含有半导体器件的直流电路时应选用直流快速断路器等。(2)断路器额定电压、额定电流应大于或等于线路、设备的正常工作电压、工作电流。(3)断路器极限通断能力大于或等于电路最大短路电流。(4)欠电压脱扣器额定电压等于线路额定电压。(5)过电流脱扣器的额定电流大于或等于线路的最大负载电流。
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