GE IS200DSPXH2BEB
晶体管最大的优点就是能够放大信号,它是放大电路的核心元件,能够控制能量的转换,将输入的任何微小变化量不失真地进行放大输出。
以下是我们在电路设计中使用三极管时需要注意的几个问题,还是老样子。
1.需注意旁路电容对电压增益的影响:
这个电路在国内各种模拟电路教材书上是司空见惯的了,也算比较经典的了。由于这个旁路电容的存在,在不同频率环境中会有不同的情况发生:
a、当输入信号频率足够高时,XC将接近于零,即射极对地短路,此时共射的电压增益为:
b、当输入信号频率比较低时,XC将远大于零,即相当于开路,此时共射的电压增益为:
由此可以看出,在使用三极管设计电路时需要掂量旁路电容对电压增益带来的影响。
2.需注意三极管内部的结电容的影响:
由于半导体**工艺的原因,三极管内部不可避免地会有一定容值的结电容存在,当输入信号频率达到一定程度时,它们会使得三极管的放大作用“大打折扣”,更糟糕的是,它还会因此引起额外的相位差。
a、由于Cbe的存在,输入信号源的内阻RS和XCbe形成了一个鲜为人知的分压器,也可以看成是一个LPF,当输入信号的频率过高时,三极管基极的电位就会有所下降,此时电压增益就随之减小。
b、由于Cbc的存在,当输入信号的频率过高时,Vout的一部分会经过Cbc反馈到基极,又因为此反馈信号和输入信号有180°的相位差,所以,这样也会降低基极的电位,电压增益也由此下降。
当中性点直接接地系统(又称大接地电流系统)中发生接地短路时,将出现很大的零序电压和电流。还有在中性点不直接接地系统中当发生单相接地时,也会产生零序电压。零序电源在故障点,故障点的零序电压最高,系统中距离故障点越远处的零序电压就越低,取决于测量点到大地间阻抗的大小。
正序、负序、零序的出现是为了分析在系统电压、电流出现不对称现象时,把三相的不对称分量分解成对称分量(正、负序)及同向的零序分量。只要是三相系统,就能分解出上述三个分量(有点象力的合成与分解,但很多情况下某个分量的数值为零)。对于理想的电力系统,由于三相对称,因此负序和零序分量的数值都为零(这就是我们常说正常状态下只有正序分量的原因)。当系统出现故障时,三相变得不对称了,这时就能分解出有幅值的负序和零序分量度了(有时只有其中的一种),因此通过检测这两个不应正常出现的分量,就可以知到系统出了毛病(特别是单相接地时的零序分量)。
零序电压是三相线路中一相或者两相接地产生的,大小取决于接地的程度,是金属接地,非金属接地,就是接地电阻了。
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